Modernism is currently at the center of debate in intellectual history and throughout the humanities, a debate generated in part by the advent of postmodernism. While much has been written about the modernist movement in the arts at the turn of the century, this is the first book since H. Stuart Hughes's Consciousness and Society to examine modernism in the human sciences and adjacent areas of philosophy and natural science. It is also the first book to explore that history in light of the contemporary debate.